Milk-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate pre-inflammatory bowel disease via Lactobacillus murinus-mediated TLR2 signaling modulation

Xu et al. show that pre-IBD induced by a combined high-fat diet and antibiotic exposure is alleviated by mEVs through enrichment of L. murinus and reduction of LPC levels. This microbiota-dependent mechanism reprograms TLR2 signaling toward an anti-inflam