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Five Architectural Patterns for MCP Servers in LLM-Integrated Applications

[Submitted on 29 Jun 2026]

2d ago· 2 min readenInsight

technology programming software architecture ai/ml engineering

Summary

This industry experience paper catalogs five recurring MCP (Model Context Protocol) server architectural patterns observed across 15 independently developed servers: Resource Gateway, Tool Orchestrator, Stateful Session Server, Proxy Aggregator, and Domain-Specific Adapter. It also documents four anti-patterns and cross-cutting concerns around authentication, versioning, and observability. The paper provides quantitative evaluation including inter-rater reliability (Cohen's kappa = 0.76), transport overhead measurements, and a tool-count study showing accuracy drops below 90% between 10-15 tools for Claude Haiku 4.5 and 20-30 tools for Sonnet 4.

Source

Twitter / XFive Architectural Patterns for MCP Servers in LLM-Integrated Applicationsarxiv.org

Key quotes

· 3 pulled

This industry experience paper catalogues five recurring MCP server architectural patterns observed across an enumerated corpus of fifteen independently developed servers

The quantitative evaluation contributes three measurements: inter-rater reliability of the taxonomy across two independent LLM raters on 54 held-out servers (Cohen's kappa = 0.76)

a tool-count study showing tool-selection accuracy drops below 90% between 10 and 15 tools per context for Claude Haiku 4.5 and between 20 and 30 tools for Sonnet 4

Snippet from the RSS feed

The Model Context Protocol (MCP), introduced by Anthropic in November 2024, defines a standardized interface for connecting large language models (LLMs) to external tools, data sources, and services. Within months of release, hundreds of community-built M

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