Scoping Review Reveals Methodological Gaps in EEG-Based Neurofeedback Research for Athletes and Non-Athletes

PaulHoule

6mo ago· 51 min readenReview

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Summary

This scoping review examines EEG-based neurofeedback (NFB) research in athletes and non-athletes, analyzing methodological characteristics, outcome measures, and reproducibility gaps. The review of 48 studies found substantial heterogeneity in targeted EEG rhythms, protocols, and reporting standards. Critical methodological shortcomings include limited use of modern spectral parameterization methods (none used FOOOF), poor sham control (only 29% used active sham, 6% inert sham), and inadequate blinding procedures. The review calls for more rigorous research with better sham controls, transparent EEG metric reporting, and adoption of open-science practices to strengthen NFB research in sport and cognitive domains.

Key quotes

· 5 pulled

In EEG-based neurofeedback (NFB), these signals are processed to provide real-time feedback that supports self-regulation of targeted brain rhythms; evidence suggests improvements in cognitive and neurophysiological performance in athletes and non-athletes.

None of the studies employed modern spectral parameterization methods (e.g., FOOOF), while only 29% used active sham protocols and 6% employed inert sham conditions.

Reporting blinding procedures and follow-up assessments was limited or absent in most studies.

This review highlights critical methodological shortcomings that may bias interpretations of NFB effects in sport and cognitive domains.

To strengthen future research, studies should rigorously implement sham and blinding procedures, ensure transparent reporting of EEG metrics, and adopt open-science practices, including modern approaches to spectral parameterization.

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Background: Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique that records millisecond-scale cortical electrical activity using scalp electrodes. In EEG-based neurofeedback (NFB), these signals are processed to provide real-time feedback that suppo

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