The British Empire's Resilient Global Subsea Telegraph Network

The British empire had largely completed its Red Line cable network by 1902.

This network allowed news and messages to be delivered in a few minutes or several hours at most depending on the message queue's length.

It spanned the globe and formed a network ring so traffic could be routed in the opposite direction in case of disruption.

It was, as Dr. Michael Delaunay has argued, a highly resilient network.

Besides the ring configuration, the network relied on multiple cables between any pair of given end points to ensure uptime.