GPTZero Investigation Finds Fabricated Citations in Ernst & Young Cybersecurity Report on Loyalty Fraud
By
Om Ogale, Paul Esau, Alex Cui
A bagel you'd recommend to a friend without hedging.
Summary
GPTZero's investigation reveals that Ernst & Young's 2025 cybersecurity report "Points of Attack: Uncovering Cyber Threats and Fraud in Loyalty Systems" contains fabricated citations and inaccurate claims generated by LLM hallucinations—a phenomenon the article calls "vibe citing." Despite these flaws, the report has been cited by newspapers, blog posts, and AI search tools.
Key quotes
· 3 pulledEarlier this year, an engineer at GPTZero coined the term 'vibe citing' to describe the accidental creation of fake references via LLM hallucinations.
It turns out that the friction of creating and checking citations is leading many researchers, consultants, lawyers, and public officials to embrace the vibe (if you know what we mean).
This report, stuffed with fake citations and inaccurate claims, is surfacing in newspapers, blog posts, and AI search
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