AI Functions: The Evolution to Software 3.1 Where AI Executes Code at Runtime
By
aspittel
The kind of bagel that ruins lesser bagels for you.
Summary
The article discusses Andrej Karpathy's software versioning framework, where Software 1.0 is human-written code, Software 2.0 is neural network weights, and Software 3.0 is prompting LLMs for code generation. It introduces 'Software 3.1' as the next evolution where AI Functions execute LLM-generated code at runtime, return native Python objects, and use automated post-conditions for continuous verification, moving beyond the generate-and-verify loop of Software 3.0.
Key quotes
· 4 pulledSoftware 1.0 is code written by humans. Software 2.0 is neural network weights learned through optimization. Software 3.0 is prompting LLMs in plain language
Software 3.0 is real. Millions of people are using it daily. Tools like Kiro, Cursor, Claude Code, and ChatGPT let you describe what you want and get code back
Moving beyond Software 3.0's generate-and-verify loop, AI Functions execute LLM-generated code at runtime, return native Python objects, and use automated post-conditions for continuous verification
This is Software 3.1: where AI doesn't just write code—it runs it
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